Amboseli conservancies

When Kenya established its national parks in the 1960s, Amboseli required a different approach. Located in the heart of Masaai land along the southern border with Tanzania, Amboseli (and the Masai Mara) were covered by the Masaai Treaty, meaning that unlike in other parks, local landowners, in this case the pastoralist Masaai, couldn’t simply be denied access to land annexed for conservation purposes.

The Big Life Foundation is a non-profit conservation organization focused on preserving the wildlife and habitats of the Amboseli-Tsavo-Kilimanjaro ecosystem of East Africa through community-based and collaborative strategies. Jeremy Goss, Conservation Scientist, explains why a community-centred approach to conservation is essential for Amboseli:

“Amboseli National Park is relatively small, and although it provides formal protection for some key natural resources the ecosystem is semi-arid and both humans and wild animals need to range over large areas to find the food resources that they need to survive. As a result, animals move in and out of the park according to the season, and the park alone would sustain only a fraction of the current ecosystem wildlife population. Critical then is the communally-owned Maasai land outside of the National Parks of the ecosystem, which has remained largely intact as rangeland used traditionally for livestock grazing. This livelihood approach is compatible with wildlife conservation, but there is a cost to the Maasai. Some of this can be offset by the tourism industry that has grown up both within and outside of the park, but the benefits of tourism do not match the costs of wildlife (which include damages like livestock predation, crop destruction, and in extreme cases human injury or loss of life). We understand that without Maasai community tolerance of wildlife the ecosystem would collapse, and so we have developed a number of innovative programs that both try to distribute conservation-related benefits to Maasai communities, and offset some of the individual costs of co-existing with wildlife populations.”

This kind of community- based approach in Amboseli was controversial – conservationists at the time advocated protectionist policies that removed people and their livestock from the parks in order to create a wild, wildlife-focussed space – and it has not always been successful. The system, by which Masaai landowners were paid a twice-yearly wildlife user fee and provided with water sources for livestock outside the national park boundary, has periodically broken down with disastrous consequences for its fragile wildlife. Goss expands on the challenge in Amboseli:

“In Big Life’s case, many programs were started 25 years ago, which was at a time when conservation paradigms largely dictated that people and wildlife should not occupy the same spaces. In Amboseli, of course, this was impossible as most of the land that is important to wildlife is owned by local communities. So the challenge has been to incentivise communities to actively participate in conservation of wildlife species and habitats.”

The government could annexe it and create a national park but the fate of Amboseli has always rested in Masaai hands – and the spearing of its wildlife has been their way of fighting back against the injustice of unremunerated land grabs.

As a result of more efficient governance from the Kenya Wildlife Service, the work of NGOs such as the Big Life Foundation and increased investment into conservation in collaboration with traditional Masaai landowners, the elephants of the wider Amboseli ecosystem have enjoyed greater protection than other areas of Kenya. Protection measures include Kenya’s first system of community scouts, which patrol the area and protect its wildlife from poachers.

Jeremy Goss, Conservation Scientist at The Big Life Foundation adds: “There is still a lot of opportunity for further development of tourism on community-owned land outside the park, provided that operators set up transparent methods of sharing of sufficient benefits. Some of these areas include key wildlife corridors and dispersal areas, which will need to provide income in future or risk conversion to other land-uses, and tourism can be one source of this necessary income.”