• If you need emergency treatment – medical or dental – head to casualty (pronto soccorso) at the nearest hospital.
• To call an ambulance, dial 118.
• For EU citizens, the EHIC card provides cover for most medical care at public hospitals in Italy. But be sure to also have travel insurance in place in case you need emergency repatriation. The standard of healthcare in Italy is generally good, though public hospitals may look less impressive the further south you go in the country.
  

Italy is not a dangerous country but travellers should take all usual basic precautions against petty crime, particularly in larger cities. If you need to call the police, the number is 113.

Women travellers – particularly solo women – may find themselves the focus of attention from Italian men under the guise of 'flirtation', particularly the further south you are. In some areas, you may find yourself subject to outright staring from men, and persistent approaches from would-be Casanovas. The best response is usually to just ignore them. If that doesn't work, politely tell your admirers you are waiting for your husband (marito) or boyfriend (fidanzato), and walk away. If this still fails, approach a member of the police

Women may also find themselves the focus of wandering male hands in crowds or on public transport. If you feel an untoward touch, try saying something like Che schifo! (kay skee-fo) - 'How disgusting!'. If you feel an incident merits further action, report it to the police, who are required by law to press charges against the person concerned.

Also worth mentioning here the driving – not the safest in Europe. Plus traffic never stops at zebra crossings!

Walking in the mountains/hills, keep an eye on poor weather conditions – there will be numerous guidelines on this, see Spain/Catalonia for examples